The Anti Federalist Argument Against A Weaker Federal...

The focus point of the anti-federalist argument revolved around the support of a weaker federal government. After the Declaration of Independence was signed, there was a necessity to unite the nation. A way was needed to govern the land amassed by the thirteen colonies. On the twelfth of July, 1776, eight days after the signing of the Declaration of Independence, the Second Continental Congress began efforts to create the fundamental principles on which to govern the nation while managing the colonial war effort. Once a version was complete it was sent to be ratified by the states in 1777. Ratification by the states was completed in 1781. This document is known as the Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation were deliberately weak, which followed logically after breaking away from the strong British government. There was however a group that opposed the weak federal government created by the Articles of Confederation, and they came to be known as the federalists. The group that supported a weaker government thus came to be known as the anti-federalists. As the government played out on the nations stage, members of the anti-federalist party would change, uphold or augment their ideals. The Articles of Confederation failed because of its deliberate lack of power. It was inherently weak first and foremost because it called for a confederacy—which gave sovereign power to the states. We see this in Article II, which states that: â€Å"Each state retains itsShow MoreRelatedThe Rartifiation of the Us Constitution1046 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion: What were the major arguments used by each side (the supporters and the opponents) in the debates over the ratification of the U.S Constitution? In the year 1787, early America, officials and delegates came together to form a constitution that would restore the Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation was the attempt at creating a government for the newly independent America. But, it soon became clear that the document was not strong enough toRead MoreThe Great Compromise Occurred In The Summer Of 1787 And1314 Words   |  6 PagesNew Jersey Plans differed in their approach to the representation of states, as will be seen later in the paper. The differences in the representative system divided the larger states from the smaller states. The argument was also fueled by the debates between Federalists and Anti-Federalists regarding the issue of representation along with many other ideas, principle, and policies. Therefore, the two different plans for representation had political interests behind each plan. The Virginia Plan wasRead MoreGeorge Mason Was An Anti Federalist1099 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1759 he served in the Virginia House of Burgesses. He showed that he was an anti-Federalist pretty early on even with Virginia was still a colony. The reason he was an anti-Federalist was that he was personally offended that states such as Rhode Island had nearly the same power as larger states such as Virginia where he was from. This power imbalance led to him initially being dissatisfied with the way government was run, first wanting the colonist to separate from Britain, then opposing a centralizedRead MoreConfederation and Constitution Essay1539 Words   |  7 PagesArticles of Confederation. The meeting immediately discarded the idea of amending the Articles of Confederation and set about drawing up a new arrangement of government. Groundbreaking war conqueror George Washington, a delegate from Virginia, was elected convention president. During an exhaustive debate, the delegates invented a brilliant federal organization characterized by an complicated system of checks and balances. The convention was divided over the issue of state representation in CongressRead MoreTheu.s. Constitution And The Constitution1612 Words   |  7 PagesThe U.S Constitution is one of the most, if not the most, important documents ever written in political history. The constitution established America’s national government and provided the fundamental framework for the present and future legal parameters by which the american people would be governed by. The Constitution was officially signed September 17, 1787 in Philadelphia during a constitutional convention. In order for the constitution to actually be an official document, it had to have beenRead MoreThe Federalist Papers No. 78 Publius1383 Words   |  6 PagesIn the Federalist Papers No. 78 Publius asserts that the need for the judiciary has been well established and focus es instead on what he considered the key concerns raised by those against ratifying the constitution. These concerns were how Supreme Court justices would be chosen, how long a justice would remain in office, more specifically if lifetime appointments were appropriate and the division of authority between the different courts and their relationship to each other. While I would agreeRead More The Life and Political Career of James Madison Essay4338 Words   |  18 Pagesthe experiences enabled Madison to write the Constitution as well as a number of influential essays in response to his views on the incompetent confederacy. Madison challenged the ideas of the Anti-federalists through his strong arguments and rhetoric, while leaving behind a balance between central government and individual rights, as well as the idea of being an American. Madison’s education revolved around his bad health, which often dictated where he studied. Madison believed he wouldRead MoreEssay on Political Transitions in America2833 Words   |  12 Pagesworld from the British colonies to the first president with a central government then the secession of the south and Civil War until Richard Nixon and the Watergate Scandal. The English colonies were the starting basis of the new world. Jamestown, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania all had their own ways of governing their people. Jamestown’s first political structure was the House of Burgesses which was the first government and was limited by the governor and Joint Company to decide. Also all freeRead MoreThe Contributions Of James Madison Essay2531 Words   |  11 PagesPresident of the United States. Before he took office as Commander-in-Chief in 1809, he made a great deal of contribution to the American government as most know it today. An argument can be made that James Madison was the most influential of our founding fathers through him promoting the United States Constitution for ratification through the writing of the Federalist Papers, drafting as well as promoting the inclusion of a Bill of Rights in the United States Constitution, as well as being responsibleRead MoreBranches of Government Paper1986 Words   |  8 PagesBranches of Gover nment Paper University of Phoenix July, 26 2010 Branches of Government Former President Thomas Jefferson once said, â€Å"Government are instituted among Men, deriving their just Power from the Consent of the Governed.† Since the second continental congress declared America’s independence from Great Britain on July 4, 1776 the United States government has sought to realize the fundamental principle on which our nation was founded. This was the start of the government we now know

William Shakespeares Hamlet - 1482 Words

In one of William Shakespeare’s most notorious plays, Hamlet, Shakespeare uses multiple scenes filled with drama to add a certain extreme dimension to the play. In a story filled with drama, such as Hamlet, an author attempts to use intense dialogue and actions in order to invoke personal emotions and feelings in the hearts of the audience. Shakespeare attempted to have the audience feel the pain that Hamlet experienced, sense the feelings of revenge that were deep in the heart of the prince, and be able to place themselves inside the play, as if they were there while the whole thing was taking place. From he first time that we are introduced to the character of Hamlet, we automatically get a sense of his intensity as a human being, yet his professional elegance as a prince (Mabillard, Amanda). In this story, we witness the actions of one young Prince Hamlet as we see his reactions to the news that his uncle not only killed his brother, King Hamlet, but then married his wife t o take the crown. Shakespeare’s work shows us how drama can be used to elevate the intensity and interest of an audience in a play. To many people in the English literature community, William Shakespeare is regarded as one of, if not, the most in influential writer and dramatic artist of the 1500s. Shakespeare’s plays and writings have always done much to alter the course of English, and also World literature (Mabillard, Amanda). Though his personal life and views are plagued by scrutiny in theShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet981 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is a historic writer that is well known and wrote many plays in his lifetime. In most of his plays, if not all, he has incorporated hidden meanings and messages. The majority of his hidden meanings are controversial topics of his time period. In Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, the controversial topic that is throughout the play is religion and the afterlife. Afterlife plays a big role in H amlet and is discussed throughout the play. Multiple authors have written on the topic of afterlifeRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet745 Words   |  3 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Hamlet is a unique character due to his unpredictability. He is attempting to discover the truth in a way that no other character of Shakespeare’s has done. We find Hamlet in a state of deep melancholy due to the death of his father, as well as the very sudden and lewd marriage of his uncle and his mother. Hamlet is inspired by the player giving the speech about Hecuba witnessing the massacre of her husband, Priam. He goes off on his own, and he is bewilderedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet964 Words   |  4 Pagesunsatisfactory situation. In William Shakespeares Hamlet, a characters inability to overcome their weakness due to it being emphasized by their unfortunate circumstance results in their tragic downfall. This is illustrated through Hamlets over thinking, Claudi uss ambition, and Gertrudes naive persona. Hamlets character is one that is very thoughtful and conscious, however some view these qualities as procrastination and over thinking. Even Hamlet himself acknowledges this inRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet1308 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, has deep meaning and sorrow to its story. It has one of the most famous soliloquies ever to be written in theater art, â€Å"To be, or not to be.† At first, reading Shakespeare’s writing seems difficult to understand and be interested in, but as the reader reads on and digs into the roots of the play, it truly grabs the reader’s attention and makes him/her want to know more of the thoughts behind Hamlet. Thus, the story of Hamlet begins and his personality shows throughoutRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet 2214 Words   |  9 PagesMadness within: Bipolar William Shakespeare had the uncanny ability to read people then put into words how individuals reacted with one another. His most known playwright is â€Å"Hamlet†. Hamlet leads the opening of the play with grandeur; but, when his father’s ghost of comes to visit him telling of Hamlet’s uncle Claudius killed him. Hamlet schemes a plan pursuing revenge. Hamlet demonstrates depression exceptionally, in the presence of his mother and Uncle Claudius. Shakespeare’s character likely labeledRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Essay751 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Hamlet might well claim to be Shakespeares most famous play because of its language and the charm of its central character. Shakespeare wrote some thirty-eight plays. Taken individuallyRead More William Shakespeares Hamlet Essay1277 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Hamlet has been praised and revered for centuries as one of William Shakespeares best known and most popular tragedies. Based on its popularity, critics alike have taken various viewpoints and theories in order to explain Hamlets actions throughout the play. The psychoanalytic point of view is one of the most famous positions taken on Hamlet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychoanalytic criticism is a type of literary criticism that analyzes and classifies many of the forms ofRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet1172 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet is a complex story that uses many literary devices to help develop the characters in Hamlet. One dominant device is irony. The main plot of the story revolves around irony. Hamlet is a witty character and loves to use irony. Hamlet’s use of irony displays how he insults people, discovers useful information, and reveals his true character. The use of irony in this story helps to add depth to each character, which is why Hamlet is one of Shakespeare’s most complex stories. There are three typesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet710 Words   |  3 PagesIn Shakespeares tragedy Hamlet are very few female characters that is caused by the story - the son must avenge his fathers killer , the mother s uncle . Nevertheless images of Gertrude , Queen of the Danish and Ophelia , daughter of royal adviser Polonius , played in the tragedy very important role . In these two images are not simply embodied many typical female character traits - as worthy , and not so . In the process of communication with these women reveal deeper characters of Hamlet andRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Essay2474 Words   |  10 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet When first introduced to Hamlet he is a character full of pain and confusion, still mourning his father’s death, ‘But two months dead-nay, not so much, not two’.[1] The punctuation here highlights Hamlet’s anguish. Significantly, Hamlet is already portrayed as a misfit, as no one else within the court but Hamlet is wearing mourning clothes; in Shakespeare’s time it would have been worn for at least a year following the death of a king.

Issues with Diagnosis of Schizophrenia Free Essays

Discuss the issues with classification and diagnosis In order to diagnose the symptoms of mental health disorders , practitioners use classification systems like the DSM which classifies the symptoms of schizophrenia. The DSM has been criticised for issues including cultural problems and the overlap of disorders such as schizophrenia with depression. The DSM is used to diagnose patients with a disorder and indicates what treatment they will require. We will write a custom essay sample on Issues with Diagnosis of Schizophrenia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Other problems involved with the classification includes inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability. Ronsenhan conducted a study which demonstrated the issue of reliability. Participants with no mental health administrated themselves into a practice by saying they could hear noises in their head saying ‘thud’. Once the participants were admitted they behaved normally however they were still interpreted as schizophrenic. This raises issues on the reliability of the classification as it suggests anyone can be admitted, and once labelled with a diagnosis every behaviour they may show is blamed on the disorder. The publication of the DSM-III in 1980 was designed as offering a much more reliable classification system in order to diagnose disorders. Carson claimed it would fix all problems of reliability for once and for all allowing agreement between psychiatrists to who and who did not have schizophrenia. Despite these claims there is still little to no evidence proving its reliability and a study conducted by whaley found the inter-rater reliability was as low 0. 11. Whaleys research is into inter-rater reliability is supported by the findings of majtabi and Nicholson. In this research 50 senior psychiatrists were asked to distinguish between ‘bizzare’ and ‘non bizzare’ behaviour, they produced inter-rater reliability as low as 40 percent proving the central diagnosis system lacks sufficient reliability for it to be a reliable method or differentiate schizophrenic sufferers and non-schizophrenics. Overall the low reliability is diagnosing and its individual systems show that the diagnosis of schizophrenia is affected by the interpretation of the psychiatrist. As the reliability is low in then leads to the questioning of the validity of diagnosis. With scientists not agreeing on patients who have schizophrenia the question of what schizhrenia actually is becomes meaningless. People diagnosed rarely share the same symptoms and outcomes. The prognosis involves 20 percent recovery to the previous level of functioning, 10 percent achieve significant improvement and 20 percent demonstrate recovery with relapses. As there is no common outcomes we can state it has low predictive validity. Bentall claims that schizophrenia is no longer a scientific category as it has too many issues involved in the classification and prognosis. As sufferers rarely demonstrate similar symptoms or outcomes assumptions have been made that it is not just one disorder but rather many disorders that have all been classed as one under the title of schizophrenia. Buckley found that schizophrenia is often comorbid with substance abuse, anxiety and depression. With concordance rates as high as 50 percent between schizophrenia and depression and 47 percent between schizophrenia and substance abuse. This makes diagnosis and prescribing treatment even harder as the categories are too narrow to be used as a valid indicator at what treatment should be carried out. Kessler proves there is a link between suicidal rates and those suffering depression comorbid with schizophrenia, with statistics only one percent attempt it with schizophrenia with 40 percent attempting it when suffering schizophrenia and depression. This supports Buckleys finding as it proves schizophrenia and depression sufferers need an entirely different treatment. There is no common universal prescription for schizophrenic patients. The frail reliability becomes even more evident when looking at the contrast of diagnosis in different cultures. Copeland found that when he gave a description of a patient to 134 us psychiatrists and 194 uk psychiatrists. While 69 percent of the us psychiatrists diagnosed the patient as schizophrenic only 2 percent of the uk did the same diagnosis. Therefor suggesting schizophrenia is a disorder that is extremely subjective to diagnosis and varies greatly from culture to culture. In conclusion it is evident there is great issues surrounding both the classification and diagnosis of schizophrenia. Findings from Buckley and Kessler suggest that schizophrenia is in fact just a term to describe multiple disorders including depression and anxiety. It is therefore difficult to accurately treat each individual patient, making the diagnosis invalid. How to cite Issues with Diagnosis of Schizophrenia, Essay examples

Nazism And World War II (2352 words) Essay Example For Students

Nazism And World War II (2352 words) Essay Nazism and World War IIThe National Socialist German Workers Party almost died one morning in 1919. It numbered only a few dozen grumblers it had no organization and no political ideas. But many among the middle class admired the Nazis muscular opposition to the Social Democrats. And the Nazis themes of patriotism and militarism drew highly emotional responses from people who could not forget Germanys prewar imperial grandeur. In the national elections of September 1930, the Nazis garnered nearly 6.5 million votes and became second only to the Social Democrats as the most popular party in Germany. In Northeim, where in 1928 Nazi candidates had received 123 votes, they now polled 1,742, a respectable 28 percent of the total. The nationwide success drew even faster in just three years, party membership would rise from about 100,000 to almost a million, and the number of local branches would increase tenfold. The new members included working-class people, farmers, and middle-class professionals. They were both better educated and younger then the Old Fighters, who had been the backbone of the party during its first decade. The Nazis now presented themselves as the party of the young, the strong, and the pure, in opposition to an establishment populated by the elderly, the weak, and the dissolute. Hitler was born in a small town in Austria in 1889. As a young boy, he showed little ambition. After dropping out of high school, he moved to Vienna to study art, but he was denied the chance to join Vienna academy of fine arts. When WWI broke out, Hitler joined Kaiser Wilhelmers army as aCorporal. He was not a person of great importance. He was a creatureof a Germany created by WWI, and his behavior was shaped by that war and its consequences. He had emerged from Austria with many prejudices, including a powerful prejudice against Jews. Again, he was a product of his times for many Austrians and Germans were prejudiced against the Jews. In Hitlers case the prejudice had become maniacal it was a dominant force in his private and political personalities. Anti-Semitism was not a policy for Adolf Hitlerit was religion. And in the Germany of the 1920s, stunned by defeat, and the ravages of the Versailles treaty, it was not hard for a leader to convince millions that one element of the nations society was responsible for most of the evils heaped upon it. The fact is that Hitlers anti-Semitism was se lf-inflicted obstacle to his political success. The Jews, like other Germans, were shocked by the discovery that the war had not been fought to a standstill, as they were led to believe in November 1918, but that Germany had , in fact, been defeated and was to be treated as a vanquished country. Had Hitler not embarked on his policy of disestablishing the Jews as Germans, and later of exterminating them in Europe, he could have counted on their loyalty. There is no reason to believe anything else. On the evening of November 8, 1923, Wyuke Vavaruab State Cinnussuiber Gustav Rutter von Kahr was making a political speech in Munichs sprawling B?rgerbr?ukeller, some 600 Nazis and right-wing sympathizers surrounded the beer hall. Hitler burst into the building and leaped onto a table, brandishing a revolver and firing a shot into the ceiling. ?The National Revolution,? he cried, ?has begun!? At that point, informed that fighting had broken out in another part of the city, Hitler rushed to that scene. His prisoners were allowed to leave, and they talked about organizing defenses against the Nazi coup. Hitler was of course furious. And he was far from finished. At about 11 oclock on the morning of November 9the anniversary of the founding of the German Republic in 19193,000 Hitler partisans again gathered outside the B?rgerbr?ukeller. To this day, no one knows who fired the first shot. But a shot rang out, and it was followed by fusillades from both sides. Hermann G?ring fell wounded in the thigh and both legs. Hitler flattened himself against the pavement; he was unhurt. General Ludenorff continued to march stolidly toward the police line, which parted to let him pass through (he was later arrested, tried and acquitted). Behind him, 16 Nazis and three policemen lay sprawled dead among the many wounded. The next year, R?hm and his band joined forces with the fledgling National Socialist Party in Adolf Hitlers Munich Beer Hall Putsch. Himmler took part in that uprising , but he played such a minor role that he escaped arrest. The R?hm-Hitler alliance survived the Putsch, and ?hms 1,500-man band grew into the Sturmabteilung, the SA, Hitlers brown-shirted private army, that bullied the Communists and Democrats. Hitler recruited a handful of men to act as his bodyguards and protect him from Communist toughs, other rivals, and even the S.A. if it got out of hand. This tiny group was the embryonic SS. Setting the Record straight EssayThe ?experimental people? were also used by Nazi doctors who needed practice performing various operations. One doctor at Auschwitzperfected his amputation technique on live prisoners. After he hadfinished, his maimed patients were sent off to the gas chamber. A few Jews who had studied medicine were allowed to live if they assisted the SS doctors. ?I cut the flesh of healthy young girls,? recalled a Jewish physician who survived at terrible cost. ?I immersed the bodies of dwarfs and cripples in calcium chloride (to preserve them), or had them boiled so the carefully prepared skeletons might safely reach the Third Reichs museums to justify, for future generations, the destruction of an entire race. I could never erase these memories from my mind.? But the best killing machine were the ?shower baths? of death. After their arrival at a death camp, the Jews who had been chosen to die at once were told that they were to have a shower. Filthy by their lo ng, miserable journey, they sometimes applauded the announcement. Countless Jews and other victims went peacefully to the shower roomswhich were gas chambers in disguise. In the anterooms to the gas chambers, many of the doomed people found nothing amiss. At Auschwitz, signs in several languages said, ?Bath and Disinfectant,? and inside the chambers other signs admonished, ?Dont forget your soap and towel.? Unsuspecting victims cooperated willingly. ?They got out of their clothes so routinely,? Said a Sobibor survivor. ?What could be more naturalIn time, rumors about the death camps spread, and undergroundnewspapers in the Warsaw ghetto even ran reports that told of the gaschambers and the crematoriums. But many people did not believe thestoried, and those who did were helpless in any case. Facing the gunsof the SS guards, they could only hope and pray to survive. As oneJewish leader put it, ?We must be patient and a miracle will occur.?There were no miracles. The victims, naked and bewildered, were shovedinto a line. Their guards ordered them forward, and flogged those whohung back. The doors to the gas chambers were locked behind them. Itwas all ove r quickly. The war came home to Germany. Scarcely had Hitler recovered from the shock of the July 20 bombing when he was faced with the loss of France and Belgium and of great conquests in the East. Enemy troops inoverwhelming numbers were converging on the Reich. By the middle of August 1944, the Russian summer offensives, beginning June 10 and unrolling one after another, had brought the Red Army to theborder of East Prussia, bottled up fifty German divisions in the Baltic region, penetrated to Vyborg in Finland, destroyed Army Group Center and brought an advance on this front of four hundred miles in six weeks to the Vistula opposite Warsaw, while in the south a new attack which began on August 20 resulted in the conquest of Rumania by the end of the month and with it the Ploesti oil fields, the only major source of natural oil for the German armies. On August 26 Bulgaria formally withdrew from the war and the Germans began to hastily clear out of that country. In September Finland gave up a nd turned on the German troops which refused to evacuate its territory. In the West, France was liberated quickly. In General Patton, thecommander of the newly formed U.S. Third Army, the Americans had found a tank general with the dash and flair of Rommel in Africa. After thecapture of Avranches on July 30, he had left Brittany to wither on thevine and begun a great sweep around the German armies in Normandy,moving southeast to Orleans on the Loire and then due east toward theSeine south of Paris. By August 23 the Seine was reached southeast andnorthwest of the capital, and two days later the great city, the gloryof France, was liberated after four years of German occupation whenGeneral Jacques Leclercs French 2nd Armored Division and the U.S. 4thInfantry Division broke into it and found that French resistance unitswere largely in control.